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Containing group: Eukaryotes

Other Names for Animals

• Metazoa
• Animalia

References

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Jenner, R. A. 2004. When molecules and morphology clash: Reconciling conflicting phylogenies of the Metazoa by considering secondary character loss. Evolution & Development 6(5):372-378.

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Peterson, K. J., J. B. Lyons, K. S. Nowak, C. M. Takacs, M. J. Wargo and M. A. McPeek. 2004. Estimating metazoan divergence times with a molecular clock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 101(17):6536-6541.

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Information on the Internet

• Introduction to the Metazoa Animals, Animals, Animals!. University of California Museum of Paleontology.
• Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
• BiologyBrowser: Invertebrata.
• The Shape of Life. Companion website to the PBS television series that reveals the dramatic rise of the animal kingdom through the breakthroughs of scientific discovery.
• The Origin of Animal Body Plans. 1997 American Scientist article by Douglas Erwin, James Valentine and David Jablonski.
• Animal Kingdom Gets a New Root. Wired Science, January 2009.
• New Tree Of Life Divides All Lower Metazoans From Higher Animals, Molecular Research Confirms. Science Daily, January 2009.
• The First Animal On Earth Was Significantly More Complex Than Previously Believed. Science Daily, April 2008.
• Tree Of Animal Life Has Branches Rearranged, By Evolutionary Biologists. Science Daily, March 2008.
• When we were worms. Report on research in early bilaterian evolution. BBC News.
• The Homeobox Page. Thomas R. Bürglin's page about the homeobox genes which play important roles in the development of multicellular organisms.
• A brief overview of Hox genes. Pharyngula.
• Marine Invertebrate Larvae: A Study in Morphological Diversity. University of Saskatchewan Archive of Dr. Thorston Lacalli.
• Introduction to Ichnology: The Study of Plant and Animal Traces. Emory University.
• The Wandtafeln of Rudolph Leuckart (1822-1898). Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole.

Metazoa in Special Habitats

• Marine Organisms at the MBL. Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole.
• Coral Reef Information System (CoRIS). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
• SeamountsOnline. NSF-funded project designed to gather information on species found in seamount habitats. San Diego Supercomputer and Scripps Institute of Oceanography.
• Voyage to the Deep. University of Delaware College of Marine Studies and Sea Grant College Program.
• International Association of Meiobenthologists (IAM).
• Anchialine Caves and Cave Fauna of the World. Thomas M. Iliffe, Texas A&M University at Galveston.
• Groundwater Biology Home Page. Giuseppe L. Pesce.

Fossil Metazoa

• The Dawn of Animal Life. Miller Museum Online Exhibit.
• Invertebrate Paleontology. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
• Life of the Vendian. University of California Museum of Paleontology.
• The Burgess Shale : A Hidden Treasure In The Canadian Rockies. Hooper Virtual Paleontological Museum.
• Burgess Shale fossils. Andrew MacRae.
• Mazon Creek Fossils. Illinois State Museum.